Down Syndrome FAQs

Down syndrome is a genetic condition where individuals are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21. The extra chromosome results in developmental delays, intellectual disability, a unique physical appearance, and a higher risk of certain health conditions. However, everyone with Down syndrome is different. People with Down syndrome have their own unique strengths, personalities, and abilities.

Down syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in every 700 babies born in the United States. It's estimated that there are about 250,000 people in the US living with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, a condition known as trisomy 21. This occurs as a result of a random event during the formation of reproductive cells, typically during meiosis. It is not caused by anything a parent does or doesn’t do before or during pregnancy, and it can happen in any pregnancy regardless of health or lifestyle factors.

There are three types of Down syndrome: 

Trisomy 21: The most common type of Down syndrome, caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that occurs in all cells.

Mosaicism: In approximately 5% of cases, only some cells have the extra chromosome 21, and others do not. This is known as Mosaicism or Mosaic Down syndrome.

Translocation: The least common type of Down syndrome, Translocation occurs when a partial or whole chromosome 21 is attached to another chromosome. In rare cases, this form of Down syndrome can be inherited from a parent.

Down syndrome can be diagnosed during pregnancy through various diagnostic tests and genetic screening. After birth, it is diagnosed through physical examinations and a type of chromosomal testing called a karyotype.

Yes. Prenatal ultrasounds, blood work, and other diagnostic procedures (such as amniocentesis) can all confirm Down syndrome before an individual is born.

Many individuals with Down syndrome have unique physical traits that include low muscle tone, upward-slanted eyes, and a deep crease across their palms. Intellectual disabilities are also common. However, not all individuals have these traits. Everyone with Down syndrome has different, unique abilities.

Yes. People with Down syndrome learn differently. Although everyone with Down syndrome is unique, most benefit from multi-sensory, hands-on experiences and highly structured learning environments that emphasize repetition.

Down syndrome is associated with an increased risk of heart defects, hearing or vision problems, thyroid issues, and gastrointestinal issues. However, with proper medical care and a healthy lifestyle, individuals with Down syndrome can lead long, healthy, active lives.

Yes! People with Down syndrome can attend school, from Pre-K to high school, and beyond. However, many will need special support or supplemental education programs tailored to their needs.

The best therapies and early interventions for individuals with Down syndrome include speech therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and one-on-one tutoring. Early interventions can make a big difference for an individual's success later in life, especially when started in infancy or as a toddler.

The best way for parents to support their child with Down syndrome is to find early intervention programs, such as speech and occupational therapy. Parents can also support their child by advocating for inclusive education and connecting with other families at community centers like GiGi's Playhouse.

Yes! With the right education, life skills coaching, job training, and accessible housing, many adults with Down syndrome live independently, or semi-independently, with only part-time support from a caregiver. 

GiGi’s offers free, research-based programs to help people with Down syndrome build skills in literacy, math, speech, fitness, and social development in a fun, encouraging environment. Learn more about our programs. But more than that, we believe in possibilities, not limitations. That belief, combined with consistent support, helps our participants and their families achieve incredible things, often beyond what they imagined possible.

Yes! Our programs are 100% free thanks to the generous support of our donors, sponsors, and volunteers.

**Additional question:

Are GiGi’s Playhouse programs effective?

Yes! While our programs are offered at no cost to families, that does not mean we compromise on quality or impact. Every program is research-based and intentionally designed to support individuals with Down syndrome in reaching their fullest potential. Our purposeful and progressive approach ensures meaningful outcomes for participants at every stage of development.

To find a GiGi's Playhouse near you, visit our Locations Page. You can also attend live and on-demand Down syndrome support programs from anywhere in the world on our free Virtual Playhouse.

The best way to talk to children about Down syndrome is to keep the conversation simple and positive. Explain that people with Down syndrome may look or sound different, and may have different needs, but that they are regular people who deserve kindness and respect just like everyone else. 

Schools can be more inclusive by offering individualized education plans (IEPs), training teachers and teacher’s aides in differentiated instruction, creating a safe and respectful environment, and encouraging peer friendships. Resources like the GiGi’s Educator Symposium equip educators, aides, therapists, and paraprofessionals with strategies and tools to more effectively support individuals with Down syndrome.

Common myths about Down syndrome include the assumption that people with Down syndrome can't learn, work, or live independently; that they cannot form meaningful friendships or romantic relationships; and that people with Down syndrome are always happy or always sick. Although some people with Down syndrome may require special support, they are all capable of leading a full life, with all its ups and downs, just like anyone else. 

You can volunteer, donate, join awareness events, or simply educate yourself and others. Organizations like GiGi’s Playhouse offer many ways to get involved and make a real difference by volunteering directly with people with Down syndrome and their caregivers.